Industrial fuel oil powers a vital function in many sectors of our economy. This processed petroleum product is commonly used to generate power for industrial processes, spanning from manufacturing and construction to agriculture and energy production. The qualities of industrial fuel oil make it a efficient choice for these demanding applications

Sputtering is a prominent technique utilized in the fabrication of advanced thin films. Titanium (Ti) sputtering, in particular, has emerged as a favorable method due to its ability to deposit high-quality Ti thin films with accurate thickness and composition. The process involves bombarding a Ti target with energetic ions, ejecting atoms that then